[{"subject":"從語言學觀察商標淡化──論產地證明標章之立法妥適性","dataClassName":null,"pubUnitName":"科技法律研究所","posterDate":null,"updateDate":null,"detailContent":"A Linguistic Approach to Analyze Trademark Dilution —The Applicability to Geographical Certification Marks Under Trademark Law
\r\n作者：陳思宇
\r\n出版年月：201706
\r\n關鍵詞：產地證明標章；商標淡化；轉喻；顯著性；搭便車；外部性；Geographical Certification Marks；Trademark Dilution；Metonymy；Salience；Free-riding；Externality
\r\n
\r\n中文摘要
\r\n任何能夠傳遞資訊的載體皆可視為符號，文字、語言、標章皆屬之。本文以「產地證明標章」為中心，分析我國自2011年商標法修法後，於條文設計上多「依其性質準用」一般商標的規定。基於產地證明標章在各方面皆異於一般商標，因此，在商標侵權態樣之一──淡化（dilution）之規定上，產生準用之困難。本文從產地證明標章之意義、功能為起點，透過Saussure符號學分析傳統混淆誤認規範與商標淡化間所侵害之法益有何不同，並提出構成「商標淡化」之要件為何。惟我國實務對於構成商標淡化之要件看法分歧，原因在於對商標淡化保護之法益模糊不清。本文透過語言學上轉喻（metonymy）分析淡化所保護之法益，提出產地證明標章應無一般商標淡化規定之適用，並在最後以經濟學上外部性（externality）之角度，在商標法架構下提出修法建議。
\r\n
\r\n英文摘要
\r\nAny kinds of vehicles that can convey information could be considered symbols, including words, languages and marks. This article applies semiology and linguistics to analyze the issue in new trademark law that passed in 2011, focusing on “geographical certification mark” which only roughly stipulates as that “trademarks shall apply mutatis mutandis to certification marks.” However, due to various differences between geographical certification marks and trademarks, difficulties have arisen when applying dilution articles to geographical certification marks. This article begins by examining the meaning and function of geographical certification marks, and then applies Saussure’s semiology to identify the legal interest that “likelihood of confusion” and trademark dilution aim to protect. Moreover, this article proposes a rationale to determine whether the trademark dilution occurs, and highlights several split opinions among courts which resulting from having an unclear perception of the legal interests that the dilution articles seek to protect. This article also addresses the issue by analyzing the “metonymy” from a linguistic approach and proposes the conclusion that the dilution is not applicable to geographical certification marks. Furthermore, this article suggests other mechanisms based on “externality” in economic’s concept to protect geographical certification marks under trademark law.","summary":"","liaisonper":null,"liaisontel":null,"liaisonfax":null,"liaisonemail":null,"docs":[{"fileurl":"https://lawreview.law.nycu.edu.tw/lawreviewlaw/ch/app/data/doc?module=nycu0040&detailNo=1396744929559973888&type=s","pdffileurl":"","odffileurl":"","expFile":"從語言學觀察商標淡化──論產地證明標章之立法妥適性"}],"images":[],"videos":[],"audios":[],"resources":[]},{"subject":"風險溝通在食安管理中之必要性：以狂牛症事件為例","dataClassName":null,"pubUnitName":"科技法律研究所","posterDate":null,"updateDate":null,"detailContent":"The Necessity of Risk Communication in the Food Safety Regulation: In the Instance of Mad Cow Disease
\r\n作者：許耀明；譚偉恩
\r\n出版年月：201706
\r\n關鍵詞：食品安全；風險管理；風險評估；風險溝通；狂牛症；Food Safety；Risk Management；Risk Assessment；Risk Communication；Mad Cow Disease
\r\n
\r\n中文摘要
\r\n「風險溝通」強調利害關係人之間水平式的對話與資訊交換，其目的是為了使食安管理措施更為周延並符合審議式民主的需求。然而，將風險溝通納入食安管理，會不會對科學專業的判斷或政府管理工作的進行產生妨礙？此問題的背後至少包含了兩個值得細究但一直存有爭論的議題：1.風險溝通是否有助於治理食安問題，以致於具有重要性而必須被重視？2.風險溝通是否僅對消費者有利，但卻不利於食品業者或供應方，甚至會增加政府行政上的成本？本文認為，從風險管理的角度觀之，風險溝通能夠將消費者的真實需求或憂慮融入到食品安全的管理政策中。此種治理機制符合民主政治對於問責性的要求，讓風險承擔者知曉在與其自身利害相關之食安法制中究竟存有什麼風險，以及這些風險可能為自己帶來的利弊得失。當制度上利害關係人皆能獲得充分資訊時，其風險承擔或風險迴避的能力將隨之獲得提升，此結果對於食品市場的交易秩序將具有正面裨益，亦有益於政府食安管理目標之達成。
\r\n
\r\n英文摘要
\r\nThe risk communication under the context of food safety emphasizes at the perspectives of “horizontal communication” and “information exchange” between the stakeholders. The purpose of that is to regulate the food safety more compactly and further to fulfill the requirement of deliberative democracy. However, will the application of risk communication into the food safety management impact the embedded scientific neutral in the regulation system and thus interfere the agency’s decision making? Following this question, two controversial issues should be researched: 1. does the application of risk communication truly benefit the food safety management so that its cruciality to the food safety regulation deserves more spotlight? On the other hand, 2. does the risk communication only benefit the consumers, but not the food industry or suppliers; or even increase the administrative cost unexpectedly? In this article, we claim that the application of the risk communication can practically take consumers’ need and their worries into consideration while improving the food safety regulation and relevant decision making. Moreover, the governance of the food safety with risk communication fulfills the requirement of accountability in modern democracy, in which the risk takers understand what they exactly bear under current food safety law and the pros and cons it brings. Ideally, if the information in the food system is fully disclosed to the stakeholders, all of the stakeholders will then be equipped with stronger capability to prevent or take the underlying risk; which results in a positive effect to the transaction order on the food market, as well as the achievement of the goal of food safety regulation.","summary":"","liaisonper":null,"liaisontel":null,"liaisonfax":null,"liaisonemail":null,"docs":[{"fileurl":"https://lawreview.law.nycu.edu.tw/lawreviewlaw/ch/app/data/doc?module=nycu0040&detailNo=1396741927692406784&type=s","pdffileurl":"","odffileurl":"","expFile":"風險溝通在食安管理中之必要性：以狂牛症事件為例風險溝通在食安管理中之必要性：以狂牛症事件為例"}],"images":[],"videos":[],"audios":[],"resources":[]},{"subject":"論中國大陸電信法草案對現行頻譜法規範之影響","dataClassName":null,"pubUnitName":"科技法律研究所","posterDate":null,"updateDate":null,"detailContent":"On How PRC Telecommunication Act Draft Effect Spectrum Law
\r\n作者：呂嘉穎
\r\n出版年月：201706
\r\n關鍵詞：中華人民共和國電信法；頻譜；電信業；科技法制；電信條例；PRC Telecommunication Act；Spectrum；Telecommunication Industry；Legal System of Science and Technology；Regulation on Telecommunication
\r\n
\r\n中文摘要
\r\n由於中國大陸電信業至今並無單一且整體性的法律規範之，因此常產生頻譜法制的適用性衍生之爭議，目前中國大陸在法律除以物權視之外，僅就頻譜的指派、分配以國有資源定調其性質。然而，頻譜所生之問題與其影響層面過於廣泛，若電信法的制定造成原有頻譜使用上的爭議，則電信法的施行是否真如其所預期的值得等待？本文透過中國大陸電信法草案公布後，所造成頻譜法制的可能性影響及對於電信市場的衝擊做一論述。藉由法社會學中歷史層面的分析與比較兩者之差異性及帶來的效應，對中國大陸即將施行之電信法提出個人見解與討論。
\r\n
\r\n英文摘要
\r\nWithout a sole and comprehensive law on PRC Telecommunications, the controversy about the applicability of the spectrum law is aroused. Currently, the law considers the rights over a spectrum as rights of thing, and a spectrum is defined as a state-owned capital through its assignment and allocation. However, a spectrum has a wide influence. Once the telecommunication act arouses the controversy on the utilization of former act, would implementation on the spectrum law be worthy expecting as what we anticipated? The study will elucidate the possible influences and the impacts on the telecommunication market after PRC passed the telecommunications act draft. By means of analyzing historical phases in sociology of law, comparing the differences between the Telecommunication Act Draft and the spectrum law, and discussing the impacts brought by both of them, the study will include personal opinions and discussions on PRC’s imminent implementation of the Telecommunications Act.","summary":"","liaisonper":null,"liaisontel":null,"liaisonfax":null,"liaisonemail":null,"docs":[{"fileurl":"https://lawreview.law.nycu.edu.tw/lawreviewlaw/ch/app/data/doc?module=nycu0040&detailNo=1396745333953794048&type=s","pdffileurl":"","odffileurl":"","expFile":"論中國大陸電信法草案對現行頻譜法規範之影響"}],"images":[],"videos":[],"audios":[],"resources":[]},{"subject":"食品標示與WTO/TBT協定合致性之研析","dataClassName":null,"pubUnitName":"科技法律研究所","posterDate":null,"updateDate":null,"detailContent":"A Study on the WTO/TBT Consistency of the Food Labelling Measures
\r\n作者：張南薰
\r\n出版年月：201706
\r\n關鍵詞：原產地標示；食品標示；不歧視待遇；技術性貿易障礙協定；合法的管制上區別；Rule of Origin；Food Labelling；Non-discrimination；Legitimate Regulatory Distinction；TBT Agreement
\r\n
\r\n中文摘要
\r\n在一連串的食安風暴後，消費者意識到在商業化及全球化的食品生產過程中，自己所吃的食物與自己的認知可能有一段差距，也開始介意自己所吃的食品，原料為何、成分為何及從何而來。食品標示法規即為一國政府提供其民眾關於食品資訊之重要規範，但食品標示規範同時亦會增加食品製造商及貿易商之成本，而有構成隱藏性貿易障礙之可能性。在WTO之爭端解決程序中已有多起涉及食品標示法規之TBT協定之案例。本文希望透過案例之分析，能夠更明確掌握TBT協定下之若干重要原則之解釋及適用，並進一步瞭解制定食品標示法規時所涉及之國際法上之權利及義務關係。
\r\n
\r\n英文摘要
\r\nSuffering from the continuous happenings of food scandals, consumers start to pay more attention to what they eat gradually. Through the national food labelling regulations, consumers’ right to information about food could be protected in the domestic market. However, the implementation of any food labelling policy involves the direct costs of printing and placing labels on food products, as well as the indirect costs of verification and identity preservations. These costs posed on the exporters and producers have been referred to as trade barriers to the market access, even the food labelling were required for the purpose of consumer’s protection. Recently, several WTO members affected by certain food labelling regulations claimed that those kind of domestic requirements were in violation of the Articles 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4 of TBT Agreement and the WTO Panel and the Appellate Body have made several important decisions. In these decisions, the WTO Panel and the Appellate Body sought to reconcile legitimate regulatory interests of the Members with various obligations to treat imported products in a non-discriminatory and not unnecessarily trade restrictive manner. Through a consideration of the WTO juris prudence, this article explores these decisions and the extent to which they provide guidance for governments, stakeholders and the public on the outcome of future TBT cases.","summary":"","liaisonper":null,"liaisontel":null,"liaisonfax":null,"liaisonemail":null,"docs":[],"images":[],"videos":[],"audios":[],"resources":[]},{"subject":"我國禁止行賄外國公務員法制之探討","dataClassName":null,"pubUnitName":"科技法律研究所","posterDate":null,"updateDate":null,"detailContent":"Reviewing Anti-Bribery Law on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials
\r\n作者：黃思翰；林志潔
\r\n出版年月：201706
\r\n關鍵詞：行賄；外國公務員；海外反貪腐法；貪腐防制；企業遵法；Bribery；Foreign Officials；FCPA；Enterprises；Compliance Program
\r\n
\r\n中文摘要
\r\n近年有關禁止行賄外國公務員之議題已受到國際社會重視，尤其當美國政府對於違反海外反貪腐法（Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, FCPA）之執法地域範圍從歐美擴及於亞洲時，我國企業及科技公司應更加重視企業行賄外國公務員之防制，以降低相關法律風險。然而，過去我國肅貪政策係以公部門貪腐防制為重心。雖然我國於2003年將行賄外國公務員行為刑罰化，惟從防制跨國賄賂犯罪與提升企業競爭力之角度而言，現行法存有許多疑義尚待釐清，並使得我國企業無妥適之法律制度可資遵循。本文旨在探討我國禁止行賄外國公務員規範與實務之相關問題，除說明有關FCPA之企業遵法議題外，並嘗試從美國法觀點與實證質性研究分析我國防制行賄外國公務員及企業遵法應有之制度內涵，以及提出立法政策建議，以兼顧打擊跨國行賄與保障企業利益之目的。
\r\n
\r\n英文摘要
\r\nIn recent years, anti-bribery of foreign public officials has received high attention by the international community. While the U.S. government expands the enforcement region of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) from Europe and America to Asia, the enterprises and technology industries in Taiwan should pay more attention to the prohibition against bribing foreign officials in order to decrease legal risk. In the past, the main regulate focus of the corruption prohibition laws in Taiwan were mainly on the public sector. Although the bribery of foreign officials became criminalized in Taiwan in 2003, from the perspective of implementing the anti-bribery policy and enhancing the competitiveness edge of the enterprises, the laws currently in force leave many problems to be solved, and the enterprises was left no clear rules to comply. For the first part of this article, it will introduce the issues currently existed in the anti-bribery laws in Taiwan. In the sec-ond part, this article will clarify the recent issues regarding the corporate compliance program of the FCPA. Finally, it will consider and provide legislative suggestions that may improve Taiwan’s anti-bribery policy from the perspective of U.S. law and on the basis of qualitative research conducted.","summary":"","liaisonper":null,"liaisontel":null,"liaisonfax":null,"liaisonemail":null,"docs":[{"fileurl":"https://lawreview.law.nycu.edu.tw/lawreviewlaw/ch/app/data/doc?module=nycu0040&detailNo=1396743108674195456&type=s","pdffileurl":"","odffileurl":"","expFile":"我國禁止行賄外國公務員法制之探討"}],"images":[],"videos":[],"audios":[],"resources":[]}]